Neeuro Memorie: Spiel und EEG verbessern das geistige Wohlbefinden

Forschung über kognitives Training

Unsere kognitiven Fähigkeiten wie logisches Denken, Arbeitsgedächtnis und Multitasking nehmen mit zunehmendem Alter ab. Die Forschung hat gezeigt, dass es einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen kognitivem Abbau und Alterung gibt, der bereits in den Zwanzigern einsetzt. Es besteht jedoch die Hoffnung, den kognitiven Alterungsprozess durch kognitives Training verlangsamen oder verhindern zu können, ähnlich wie wir unsere Muskeln im Fitnessstudio stärken können.

In zahlreichen Studien und klinischen Versuchen wurden die Ursachen des kognitiven Abbaus und vorbeugende Maßnahmen dagegen erforscht. Kognitives Training hat sich dabei als vielversprechende Lösung erwiesen, da es nachweislich positive Auswirkungen auf die fluide und kristalline Intelligenz, die Nachhaltigkeit und die Übertragbarkeit auf Alltagsfunktionen hat. Auch das National Institute of Health (NIH) hat die Wirksamkeit in einer groß angelegten Metastudie bestätigt.

Kognitives Training ist nicht auf bestimmte Altersgruppen beschränkt, sondern kommt allen Menschen zugute, von Kindern bis zu Senioren, und kann sogar als alternative Therapie für psychisch Kranke dienen. Jüngste Fortschritte in der Neurobildgebung haben Einblicke in die direkten Auswirkungen kognitiven Trainings auf verschiedene Teile des Gehirns ermöglicht, was das Konzept der Neuroplastizität weiter unterstützt.

Spiele für das Gehirn

Die Beschäftigung mit sinnvollen Aktivitäten ist für die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von entscheidender Bedeutung. Computerspiele bieten eine Möglichkeit, geistig aktiv und positiv stimuliert zu bleiben, insbesondere für Menschen mit eingeschränkten Aktivitätsmöglichkeiten. Die Forschung hat gezeigt, dass computergestütztes Gehirntraining das Gedächtnis und die Leistung bei alltäglichen Aufgaben verbessern kann, insbesondere bei älteren Erwachsenen.

Mobile Anwendungen und Computerspiele werden immer häufiger eingesetzt, und Wissenschaftler arbeiten mit Unterhaltungsexperten zusammen, um therapeutische Spiele zu entwickeln, die die Plastizität des Gehirns, die Aufmerksamkeit und das allgemeine Wohlbefinden verbessern.

EEG-gestütztes kognitives Training

In einer Studie, die in der Fachzeitschrift Nature veröffentlicht wurde, untersuchten Forscher mithilfe des Elektroenzephalogramms (EEG) die Auswirkungen maßgeschneiderter Computerspiele auf die Multitasking-Fähigkeit. Das EEG erwies sich als effektives Instrument, um die kognitiven Fähigkeiten der Teilnehmenden zu messen. In verschiedenen Studien wurden Korrelationen zwischen EEG-Biomarkern und kognitiven Funktionen gefunden, z.B. die Beziehung zwischen Theta-Aktivität und Arbeitsgedächtnis.

Der Einsatz von EEG-Biomarkern in einem geschlossenen Regelkreis, dem so genannten Neurofeedback, kann die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit deutlich verbessern. Die Echtzeit-Überwachung der mentalen Ermüdung mittels EEG kann die Ergebnisse von Trainingsmaßnahmen verbessern. Studien haben gezeigt, dass Probanden, die EEG-basiertes Neurofeedback erhielten, ihre Aufmerksamkeit und kognitiven Fähigkeiten signifikant verbessern konnten.

Neeuro Memorie – EEG-Trainings-App EEG für kognitives Training

Neeuro Memorie ist eine mobile Anwendung (via App), die mit dem Neeuro EEG-Stirnband SenzeBand ausgestattet ist und eine einzigartige und unterhaltsame Lösung für Gehirntraining zu jeder Zeit und an jedem Ort bietet. Die Anwendung bietet spannende Spiele wie Pyramid Solitaire, Sushi Recall, Dot Connect und Mind Copter, die jeweils auf bestimmte kognitive Fähigkeiten wie Aufmerksamkeit, Gedächtnis, räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen, Multitasking und Entscheidungsfindung abzielen: 

• Mehr Arbeitsgedächtnis und die kognitive Flexibilität
  Pyramid Solitaire zum Beispiel fordert die Spieler heraus, die Werte der gespeicherten Karten aus dem Gedächtnis abzurufen, was das Arbeitsgedächtnis und die kognitive Flexibilität verbesserten.
• Besseres Kurzzeitgedächtnis und verbesserte visuell-räumliche Verarbeitung
  Sushi Recall testet das Kurzzeitgedächtnis und die visuell-räumliche Verarbeitung. Dot Connect verbessert die visuell-räumlichen Fähigkeiten.
• Längere um Aufmerksamkeit und stärkere kognitive Kontrolle
  Mind Copter nutzt das EEG zur Steuerung des Spiels, um Aufmerksamkeit und kognitive Kontrolle zu verbessern.

Die Integration von EEG-Monitoring mit SenzeBand bietet Echtzeiteinblicke in den kognitiven Zustand des Spielers und ermöglicht so eine personalisierte Anleitung und verbesserte Gehirnaktivität. Neeuro Memorie zielt darauf ab, das kognitive Wohlbefinden zu fördern und kognitivem Verfall vorzubeugen und bietet eine bequeme und effektive Möglichkeit, das Gehirn zu trainieren.

Fazit: Kognitives Training mit Neeuro Memorie: Förderung der geistigen Gesundheit in einer Informationsüberfluteten Welt

In einer Welt der Informationsflut und der steigenden Lebenserwartung ist die Erhaltung der kognitiven Fitness von entscheidender Bedeutung. Kognitives Training, unterstützt durch umfangreiche Forschungsergebnisse, ist ein wirksames Instrument zur Verbesserung des kognitiven Wohlbefindens.

Der MindTecStore ist ein führender Anbieter solcher EEG-Geräte und bietet mit Neeuro Memorie eine innovative Lösung für Menschen jeden Alters, um ihre geistige Gesundheit zu fördern und ihr kognitives Potenzial zu entwickeln.

Mehr Informationen zu dem kognitiven Training mit dem EEG-Headset von Neeuro und der dazugehörigen Memorie App sind hier erhältlich.

REFERENCES

Linear Trend of Cognitive Decline While Aging

1. Tucker-Drob EM & Salthouse TA. Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities. Psychol. Aging

23, 453–460 (2008)

[*]Anguera JA, Boccanfuso J, Rintoul JL et al. Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults.

Nature. 2013 Sep 5; 501(7465):97-101.

Cognitive Training for Fluid Intelligence

[*]Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J & Perrig WJ. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working

memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105, 6829–6833 (2008).

[*]Zhao X, Wang YX, et al., Effect of updating training on fluid intelligence in children. Chin Sci Bull. 2011 Jul; 56

(21): 2202–5.

[*]Bergman NS, Soderqvist S, et al., Gains in fluid intelligence after training non-verbal reasoning in 4-year-old

children: A controlled, randomized study. Dev Sci. 2011 May; 14 (3): 591–601.

[*]Rudebeck SR, Bor D, et al., A potential spatial working memory training task to improve both episodic

memory and fluid intelligence. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (11): e50431.

Cognitive Training for Crystal Intelligence

7

[*]Alloway TP, Alloway RG, The efficacy of working memory training in improving crystallized intelligence.

Nature Proceedings. 2009 Sep.

Cognitive Training Is Sustainable

[*]Bennett SJ, Holmes J, et al., Computerized memory training leads to sustained improvement in visuospatial

short-term memory skills in children with Down syndrome. Am J Intel Dev Disab. 2013; 118 (3): 179–92.

[*]Brehmer Y, Westerberg H, et al., Working-memory training in younger and older adults: Training gains,

transfer, and maintenance. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Mar; 6: 63.

[*]Wolf D, Fischer FU, et al., Structural integrity of the corpus callosum predicts long-term transfer of fluid

intelligence-related training gains in normal aging. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012 Sep 11.

Cognitive Training is Transferable for Daily Tasks

[*]Chein JM, Morrison AB, Expanding the mind’s workspace: Training and transfer effects with a complex

working memory span task. Psychon Bull Rev. 2010 Apr; 17 (2): 193–99.

[*]Heinzel S, Schulte S, et al., Working memory training improvements and gains in non-trained cognitive tasks

in young and older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2013 May 2

[*]Holmes J, Gathercole SE, et al., Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in

children. Dev Sci. 2009 Jul; 12 (4): F9–15.

[*]Kundu B, Sutterer DW, et al., Strengthened effective connectivity underlies transfer of working memory

training to tests of short-term memory and attention. J Neurosci. 15 May 2013; 33 (20): 8705–15.

[*]Salminen T, Strobach T, et al., On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning. Front

Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 166.

[*]Loosli SV, Buschkuehl M, et al., Working memory training improves reading processes in typically developing

children. Child Neuropsychol. 2012; 18 (1): 62–78.

[*]Schweizer S, Hampshire A, et al., Extending brain-training to the affective domain: Increasing cognitive and

affective executive control through emotional working memory training. PLoS One. 2011; 6 (9): e24372.

[*]Von Bastian CC, Oberauer K, Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity.

J Mem Lang. 2013 Jul; 69 (1): 36–58.

[*]Lilienthal L, Tamez E, et al., Dual n-back training increases the capacity of the focus of attention. Psychon Bull

Rev. 2013 Feb; 20 (1): 135–41.

[*]Minear M, Shah P, Training and transfer effects in task switching. Mem Cognit. 2008 Dec; 36 (8): 1470–83.
[*]Schmiedek F, Lövdén M, et al., Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in

adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2010 Jul 13; 2.

[*]Thorell LB, Lindqvist S, et al., Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. Dev

Sci. 2009 Jan; 12 (1): 106–13.

[*]Rueda MR, Checa P, et al., Enhanced efficiency of the executive attention network after training in preschool

children: Immediate and effects after two months. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Feb 15; 2 Suppl 1: S192–204.

[*]Jaeggi SM, Studer-Luethi B, et al., The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning—

implications for training and transfer. Intelligence. 2010; 38: 625–35.

[*]Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, et al., Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training. PNAS. 2011 Jun 21; 108

(25): 10081–86.

[*]Jausovec N, Jausovec K, Working memory training: Improving intelligence—changing brain activity. Brain

Cogn. 2012; 79: 96–106.

Cognitive Assessment

[*]Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological

Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 1998 20(3): 310–9.

[*]Barbara Bradley Hagerty, Forget About It: Your Middle-Aged Brain Is Not On the Decline. NPR, Mar 15, 2016.

8

Large-Scale Meta Study

[*]John W Williams, Brenda L Plassman, James Burke, Tracey Holsinger and Sophiya Benjamin. Preventing

Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognitive Decline. Evidence Reports: AHRQ publication (2010).

MRI Verified Brain Changes – Neuroplasticity

[*]Olesen PJ, Westerberg H, Klingberg T. Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working

memory. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Jan; 7 (1): 75–79.

[*]Schweizer S, Grahn J, et al., Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional

working memory training. J Neurosci. 2013 Mar 20; 33 (12): 5301–11.

[*]Vartaniana O, Jobidona ME, Working memory training is associated with lower prefrontal cortex activation in

a divergent thinking task. Neuroscience. 2013 Apr 16; 236: 186–94.

Cognitive Training for Children

[*]Mackey AP, Hill SS, et al., Differential effects of reasoning and speed training in children. Dev Sci. 2011 May;

14 (3): 582–90.

Cognitive Training for the Elderly

[*]Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM, et al., Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old

adults. Psychol Aging. 2008 Dec; 23 (4): 745–53.

[*]Li SC, Schmiedek F, et al., Working memory plasticity in old age: Practice gain, transfer, and maintenance.

Psychol Aging. 2008 Dec; 23 (4): 731–42.

[*]Wolinsky FD, Vander Weg MW, et al., A randomized controlled trial of cognitive training using a visual speed

of processing intervention in middle aged and older adults. PLoS One. 2013 May 1; 8 (5): e61624.

[*]Zinke K, Zeintl M, Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance,

and training gains. Dev Psychol. 2013 May 20 .

[*]Liu-Ambrose T, Nagamatsu LS, et al., Resistance training and executive functions: A 12-month randomized

controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170 (2): 170–78.

[*]von Bastian CC, Langer N, et al., Effects of working memory training in young and old adults. Mem Cognit.

2013 May; 41 (4): 611–24.

[*]Richmond LL, Morrison AB, et al., Working memory training and transfer in older adults. Psychol Aging. 2011

Dec; 26 (4): 813–22.

[*]Basak C, Boot WR, et al., Can training in real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older

adults? Psychol Aging. 2008; 23 (4): 765–77.

[*]Carretti B, Borella E, et al., Gains in language comprehension relating to working memory training in healthy

older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 May; 28 (5): 539–46.

[*]Borella E, Carretti B, et al., Working memory training in older adults: Evidence of transfer and maintenance

effects. Psychol Aging. 2010; 25 (4): 767–778.

[*]Ball K, Berch DB, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled

trial. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13; 288 (18): 2271–81.

Cognitive Therapy

[*]Boron JB, Willis SL, et al., Cognitive training gains as a predictor of mental status. J Gerontol. 2007 Jan; 62B

(1): P45–51.

[*]Bell M, Bryson G, et al., Cognitive remediation of working memory deficits: Durability of training effects in

severely impaired and less severely impaired schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003; 108: 101–9.

9

[*]Dahlin KIE, Effects of working memory training on reading in children with special needs. Reading and

Writing. 2011; 24: 479–91.

[*]Gray SA, Chaban P, et al., Effects of a computerized working memory training program on working memory,

attention, and academics in adolescents with severe LD and comorbid ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. J

Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec; 53 (12): 1277–84.

[*]Green CT, Long DL, et al., Will working memory training generalize to improve off-task behavior in children

with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul; 9 (3): 639–48.

[*]Hardy KK, Willard VW, et al., Working memory training in survivors of pediatric cancer: A randomized pilot

study. Psycho-Oncology. 2012 Dec 2

[*]Holmes J, Gathercole SE, et al., Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and

medication on working memory in children with ADHD. Appl Cognit Psychol. 2010 Sep; 24 (6): 827–36.

[*]Houben K, Wiers RW, et al., Getting a grip on drinking behavior: Training working memory to reduce alcohol

abuse. Psychol Sci. 2011 Jul; 22 (7): 968–75.

[*]Kesler S, Hadi Hosseini SM, et al., Cognitive training for improving executive function in chemotherapytreated

breast cancer survivors. Clin Breast Cancer. 2013 Aug; 13 (4): 299–306.

[*]Klingberg T, Fernell E, et al., Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD—a

randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 44 (2): 177–86.

[*]Kray J, Karbach J, Can task-switching training enhance executive control functioning in children with attention

deficit/-hyperactivity disorder? Front Hum Neurosci. 2011; 5: 180.

[*]McGurk SR, Mueser KT, et al., Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental

illness: One-year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schiz Bull. 2005; 31 (4): 898–909.

[*]Nagamatsu LS, Handy TC, et al., Resistance training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in

seniors with probable mild cognitive impairment. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Apr 23; 172 (8): 666–68.

[*]Owens M, Koster EH, et al., Improving attention control in dysphoria through cognitive training: Transfer

effects on working memory capacity and filtering efficiency. Psychophysiology. 2013 Mar; 50 (3): 297–307.

[*]Prins PJ, Dovis S, et al., Does computerized working memory training with game elements enhance

motivation and training efficacy in children with ADHD? Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Mar; 14 (3):

115–22.

[*]Soderqvist S, Nutley SB, et al., Computerized training of non-verbal reasoning and working memory in

children with intellectual disability. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 271.

[*]Subramaniam K, Luks TL, et al., Computerized cognitive training restores neural activity within the reality

monitoring network in schizophrenia. Neuron. 2012 Feb 23; 73: 842–53.

[*]Van der Molen MJ, Van Luit JE, et al., Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in

adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010 May; 54 (5): 433–47.

[*]Roughan L, Hadwin JA, The impact of working memory training in young people with social, emotional and

behavioral difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences. 2011 Dec; 21 (6): 759–64.

[*]Neville HJ, Stevens C, et al., Family-based training program improves brain function, cognition, and behavior

in lower socioeconomic status preschoolers. PNAS. 2013 Jul 1, 110(29), p12138–12143

Training in Different Age Groups

[*]Karbach J, Kray J, How useful is executive control training? Age differences in near and far transfer of taskswitching

training. Dev Sci. 2009 Nov; 12 (6): 978–90.

Training Games

[*]Sunghee H. Tak, Cornelia Beck, and Song Hee Hong. Feasibility of providing computer activities for nursing

home residents with dementia. Nonpharmacol Ther Dement. 2013; 3(1): 1–10.

[*]Anne Corbett et al. The Effect of an Online Cognitive Training Package in Healthy Older Adults: An Online

Randomized Controlled Trial . JAMDA 16 (2015) 990e997

10

[*]Workshop on Interactive Media, Attention and Well-Being. http://go.nature.com/t9mvqc
[*]Daphne Bavelier & Richard J. Davidson. Brain training: Games to do you good. Nature 494, 425–426 (28

February 2013)

EEG Based Training

[*]Kahana, M.J., Sekuler, R., Caplan, J.B., Kirschen, M., Madsen, J.R., 1999. Human theta oscillations exhibit task

dependence during virtual maze navigation. Nature 399, 781–784.

[*]Klimesch, W., Doppelmayr, M., Stadler, W., Pollhuber, D., Sauseng, P., Rohm, D., 2001. Episodic retrieval is

reflected by a process specific increase in human electroencephalographic theta activity. Neurosci. Lett. 302,

49–52

[*]Egner, T., Gruzelier, J.H., 2001. Learned self-regulation of EEG frequency components affects attention and

eventrelated brain potentials in humans. Neuroreport 12, 4155–4159.

[*]Rossiter, T.R., LaVaque, T.J., 1995. A comparison of EEG biofeedback and psychostimulants in treating

attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. J. Neurother. 48–59

[*]Baldwin, C. L., and Penaranda, B. N. (2012). Adaptive training using an artificial neural network and EEG

metrics for within- and cross-task workload classification. Neuroimage 59, 48–56.

[*]Thomas KP, Vinod AP, Guan C. Enhancement of attention and cognitive skills using EEG based neurofeedback

game. Neural Engineering (NER), 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on. P 21 – 24

[*]Vernon D, Egner T, Cooper N, Compton T, Neilands C, Sheri A, Gruzelier J. The effect of training distinct

neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol. 2003 Jan;47(1):75-85.

[*]Hanslmayr, S., Sauseng, P., Doppelmayr, M., Schabus, M., Klimesch, W., 2005. Increasing individual upper

alpha power by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance in human subjects. Appl. Psychophysiol.

Biofeedback 30, 1–10.

Cognitive (Others)

[*]Shinya Uchida & Ryuta Kawashima. Reading and solving arithmetic problems improves cognitive functions of

normal aged people: a randomized controlled study. AGE (2008) 30:21–29

[*]Sergio Machado, Marlo Cunha et al. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND IMPLICIT MEMORY. Arq Neuropsiquiatr

2009;67(2-A):334-342 334

[*]Buitenweg J, Murre JM, Ridderinkhof KR. Brain training in progress: a review of trainability in healthy seniors.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Jun 21;6:183.

[*]Nelson Cowan, The Magical Mystery Four: How is Working Memory Capacity Limited, and Why? Curr Dir

Psychol Sci. 2010 Feb 1; 19(1): 51–57.

[*]Gerd Kempermann, Daniela Gast andFred H. Gage. Neuroplasticity in old age: Sustained fivefold induction of

hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Annals of Neurology, Vol 52, Issue 2,

pages 135–143, August 2002

[*]Rui Nouchi et al. Brain Training Game Improves Executive Functions and Processing Speed in the Elderly: A

Randomized Controlled Trial. PlosOne, Volume 7, Issue 1, e29676.

[*]RuGazzaniga, Michael S.; Ivry, Richard B.; Mangun, George R. (2009). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of

the Mind (2nd ed.).

[*]Bogg, Tim; Lasecki, Leanne. 2015. Reliable gains? Evidence for substantially underpowered designs in studies

of working memory training transfer to fluid intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology 5.

[*]Francisco J. Román, Lindsay B. Lewis et. al. Gray matter responsiveness to adaptive working memory training:

a surface-based morphometry study. Brain Structure and Function,

pp 1-14, 2015

[*]Roberto Coloma, Francisco J. Romána, et.al. Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at

the construct level: Gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing.

Intelligence. Volume 41, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 712–727

11

[*]Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 1983.
[*]Katherine L. Possin, Visual Spatial Cognition in Neurodegenerative Disease, Neurocase. 2010 Dec; 16(6): 466–

487.

[*]Uttal DH, Meadow NG, Tipton E, Hand LL, Alden AR, Warren C, Newcombe NS. The malleability of spatial

skills: a meta-analysis of training studies. Psychol Bull. 2013 Mar; 139(2):352-402.

[*]http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/…
[*]The Oxford Handbook of Attention, Edited by Anna C. Nobre and Sabine Kastner, 2014.